Watching Schrodinger’s cat die

One of the famous examples of the weirdness of quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat.

In the Schrodinger’s cat paradox, a cat is both dead and alive until someone opens the box to find out. UC Berkeley physicists show you can actually probe the cat’s state continually until the final result is revealed. Courtesy of Wikipedia.

If you put a cat inside an opaque box and make his life dependent on a random event, when does the cat die? When the random event occurs, or when you open the box?

Though common sense suggests the former, quantum mechanics – or at least the most common “Copenhagen” interpretation enunciated by Danish physicist Neils Bohr in the 1920s – says it’s the latter. Someone has to observe the result before it becomes final. Until then, paradoxically, the cat is both dead and alive at the same time.

UC Berkeley physicists have for the first time showed that, in fact, it’s possible to follow the metaphorical cat through the whole process, whether he lives or dies in the end.

“Gently recording the cat’s paw prints both makes it die, or come to life, as the case may be, and allows us to reconstruct its life history,” said Irfan Siddiqi, UC Berkeley associate professor of physics, who is senior author of a cover article describing the result in the July 31 issue of the journal Nature.

The Schrödinger’s cat paradox is a critical issue in quantum computers, where the input is an entanglement of states – like the cat’s entangled life and death– yet the answer to whether the animal is dead or alive has to be definite.

“To Bohr and others, the process was instantaneous – when you opened the box, the entangled system collapsed into a definite, classical state. This postulate stirred debate in quantum mechanics,” Siddiqi said. “But real-time tracking of a quantum system shows that it’s a continuous process, and that we can constantly extract information from the system as it goes from quantum to classical. This level of detail was never considered accessible by the original founders of quantum theory.”

For quantum computers, this would allow continuous error correction. The real world, everything from light and heat to vibration, can knock a quantum system out of its quantum state into a real-world, so-called classical state, like opening the box to look at the cat and forcing it to be either dead or alive. A big question regarding quantum computers, Siddiqi said, is whether you can extract information without destroying the quantum system entirely.

“This gets around that fundamental problem in a very natural way,” he said. “We can continuously probe a system very gently to get a little bit of information and continuously correct it, nudging it back into line, toward the ultimate goal.”

Being two opposing things at the same time

In the world of quantum physics, a system can be in two superposed states at the same time, as long as no one is observing. An observation perturbs the system and forces it into one or the other. Physicists say that the original entangled wave functions collapsed into a classical state.

Continuous monitoring of a qantum system can direct the quantum state along a random path. This three-dimensional map shows how scientists tracked the transition between two qubit states many times to determine the optimal path. Irfan Siddiqi image.

In the past 10 years, theorists such as Andrew N. Jordan, professor of physics at the University of Rochester and coauthor of the Nature paper, have developed theories predicting the most likely way in which a quantum system will collapse.

“The Rochester team developed new mathematics to predict the most likely path with high accuracy, in the same way one would use Newtown’s equations to predict the least cumbersome path of a ball rolling down a mountain,” Siddiqi said. “The implications are significant, as now we can design control sequences to steer a system along a certain trajectory. For example, in chemistry one could use this to prefer certain products of a reaction over others.”

Lead researcher Steve Weber, a graduate student in Siddiqi’s group, and Siddiqi’s former postdoctoral fellow Kater Murch, now an assistant professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis, proved Jordan correct. They measured the trajectory of the wave function of a quantum circuit – a qubit, analogous to the bit in a normal computer – as it changed. The circuit, a superconducting pendulum called a transmon, could be in two different energy states and was coupled to a second circuit to read out the final voltage, corresponding to the pendulum’s frequency.

“If you did this experiment many, many times, measuring the road the system took each time and the states it went through, we could determine what the most likely path is,” Siddiqi said. “Then we could design a control sequence to take the road we want to take for a given quantum evolution.”

If you probed a chemical reaction in detail, for example, you could find the most likely path the reaction would take and design a way to steer the reaction to the products you want, not the most likely, Siddiqi said.

“The experiment demonstrates that, for any choice of final quantum state, the most likely or ‘optimal path’ connecting them in a given time can be found and predicted,” Jordan said. “This verifies the theory and opens the way for active quantum control techniques.”

The work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through the Army Research Office.

RELATED INFORMATION

• Irfan Siddiqi’s Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory
• Kater Murch’s website
• Andrew Jordan’s website
• Mapping the optimal route between two quantum states (7/31/14 Nature)